The current geo-political environment indicates the enhanced challenges placed before military leadership, more so in the Indian context, as it experiences both external threats imposed by China & Pakistan and internal threats imposed by various actors with varied allegiances, aided & abetted by external forces.

Iraq’s post-2003 political system is facing political and economic dysfunction mired by widespread corruption, economic inequalities and lack of improvement in living standards. The unstable political situation is further accentuated by the influence and control of external actors, i.e. Iran and the US. Intense turmoil and political stalemate stemming from political competition and rivalries among the key stakeholders delayed government formation and appointment of new President, Prime Minister and cabinet for almost a year since the last election on 10 October 2021.

The Russian “special military operation” launched against Ukraine on February 24, 2022, has impacted countries worldwide. While the global powers are busy in either extending support or condemning Russia in their respective ways, the fundamental issues arise from the political and economic impact of the crisis on the world economy. So far, the most visible impact of the Ukraine crisis globally has been the price rise in petroleum products. Also, the global sanctions on Russia have further interrupted the supply chain of goods from one region to another.

....he established the ‘Provisional Government of India’ (Hakumat-e-Mokhtari-i-Hind) in Bagh-e-Babur in Kabul on December 1, 1915 … Pratap became the President for Life or until the Government was handed over to Congress … Maulana Barkatullah Khan as the Prime Minister and Obeidullah Sindhi as the Home Minister, Champak Raman Pillai as the Foreign Minister and Maulana Bashir as the War Minister …