Presidential elections in the United States of America (US) hold profound implications for regions across the globe. Consequently, the outcome of US presidential elections has been closely observed by the African continent as well. With Trump coming to power in the 2024 presidential elections ^[1], a slight drift in US-Africa cooperation can be expected. Notably, US-Africa relations received little attention during the election campaigns of both Republican and Democratic candidates.

Under the current administration of Democrats US-Africa relations gained relevance, particularly during 2024. On May 23, 2024 Kenya’s President William Ruto embarked a historic state visit of to US, signifying 60 years of official US-Kenya partnership.^[2] During the visit, President Biden confirmed the designation of Kenya as a Major Non-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) U.S. ally (MNNA).^[3] With this designation Kenya becomes the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and fourth in Africa, to cement the status of MNNA hence US’s closest allies on the continent in the SSA. The elevated defence cooperation relationship, shared by US and Kenya, has the potential to create long-term opportunities for US commercial defence solutions.^[4]

Moreover, President Joe Biden conducted his first visit to the continent, from December 2-4, 2024, to Angola.^[5] This trip marks the first visit ever by a sitting US president to the Republic of Angola, and the first visit of a US president to sub-Saharan Africa since 2015. ^[6] During the visit, President Biden announced that US is providing more than $1 billion in additional humanitarian assistance to address food insecurity and other urgent needs of refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), and affected communities in 31 African countries.^[7]

President Biden also hosted the US-Africa leaders’ summit in December 2022. The Biden administration's efforts to renew US-Africa ties resulted in commitments to elevating African voices and leadership.^[8] For instance, Biden supported granting a permanent seat for Africa on the UN Security Council (UNSC). ^[9] However, these promises tantalized African countries without yielding substantial deliverables. Even President Biden's first visit to the continent occurred during the US presidential transition, reinforcing the perception of the US as an unreliable partner to Africa. ^[10]

Conversely, the US-Africa relations experienced a setback during Donald Trump’s first term of presidency (2017-2021). He did not visit any African countries and rather referred African nations as ‘shithole’ countries ^[11] which had a negative impact on the relations with the continent. The US diplomatic efforts towards Africa, under Trump administration, remained subdued and hence the initiatives like ‘Prosper Africa’ had not created much goodwill. ^[12] There are predictions that a second Donald Trump administration would take a more transactional, realistic and pragmatic approach in dealing with Africa. ^[13]

In spite of everything it is conspicuous that Africa’s immense reserves of minerals, access to key maritime routes, and collective diplomatic power ensure the continent’s global importance. ^[14] Additionally, even Project 2025 suggests that ‘Africa’s importance to U.S. foreign policy and strategic interests is rising and will only continue to grow’. ^[15] This article dwells on the sectors which could experience a change in US-Africa relations under the second term of Donald Trump.

Investment

Even though the US-Africa relations during Trump’s first term were at decline, yet the outcome of Trump’s Africa strategy to advance prosperity, security and stability, ^[16] were not insignificant. Prosper Africa initiated in 2019, and continued by Biden administration, is a US Presidential national security initiative aimed at strengthening the strategic and economic partnership between the US and Africa. ^[17]

The initiative has reportedly closed around 2,500 deals across 49 African countries and six different sectors, with a total estimated value of USD 120.3 billion.^[18] Around USD 30 billion dollars each year for the period between (2019-2023) have been invested under Prosper Africa, furthermore, just in the first half of 2024, the US Government facilitated 401 deals valued at USD 32.5 billion. ^[19] This indicates a significant increase in economic engagement between the US and all the African countries, and fostering of noteworthy economic growth and partnership across the continent.

The initiative is creating a positive impact in African continent through investments. Mozambique is the primary gainer of the initiative attracting highest number of deals i.e., 46 with a total estimated value of USD 28.8 billion.^[20] In late 2021 US International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) disbursed its first loan, from a committed pool of $200 million loan, to Central Termica de Temane (CTT). CTT is a power plant under development with the Government of Mozambique; this endeavour by US supports Mozambique in its goal to provide every citizen with access to electricity by 2030. ^[21] Further, the US financed Mozambique’s power infrastructure under Prosper Africa initiative and provided electricity to 92 health facilities in Sofala province. ^[22]

US is also set to assist Africa in managing its drug supply chain. Prosper Africa’s Technology for Trade Alliance is launching its latest pilot in Africa to field test a digital platform which will bring a more transparent, efficient, and safe commercial market for medications. Prosper Africa, USAID’s e-Trade Alliance, IBM Consulting, and the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) are collaborating to launch ‘Pulse’ in South Africa. ^[23]

Although, to establish a more substantial presence in Africa and counter China's influence, US should be transparent about the purpose and value creation of initiatives, like Prosper Africa, that reorganize existing tools and resources in the continent.^[24] US should be more focussed to actually deliver on improving efficiency, effectiveness, or scale in Africa. Trump can leverage the initiatives like Prosper Africa to substantiate the US influence in the region. Furthermore, as suggested in the Project 2025 document, it is anticipated that the US strategy for investment in Africa would change its emphasis from reliance on overseas development assistance to promoting free market systems within African nations. This is planned to be achieved by incentivizing and facilitating greater engagement of the U.S. private sector in the African nations.^[25]

Given the presence of China hawks in his cabinet, it is likely that, Washington may decide to further deepen investment in sub-Saharan Africa particularly in countries where the US has previously invested. Also, as Trump was quite vocal about the Chinese threat to US interests in Africa, during his first term hence, his administration would be inclined to increase American footprints in the continent through investments.

Trade

On the trade front, the picture is rather unsatisfactory. The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is US-Africa trade pact, which allows duty-free, quota-free access for African exports to the US. ^[26] The initiative, launched in 2000, remains a cornerstone of US-Africa relations, but its potential remains only partially realized and inconsistently applied. As of June 2024, only 32 countries out of 54 African countries are eligible to reap benefits under AGOA.^[27] Moreover, there has been a decline in AGOA eligible imports to US (as shown in Figure 1), in 2023 the AGOA eligible imports were merely USD 9.7 billion as compared to the 12-year average of around USD 21 billion. To further the concern, more than 80 percent of AGOA benefits accrue to only five African countries. ^[28]

The fact is that Trump is coming to power and is more protectionist than President Biden. Trump has announced that he would impose a universal 10 percent tariff on all foreign-made goods. ^[29] Therefore, under such circumstances, the renewal of AGOA, due in September 2025, seems to be under serious question.

Numerous commentators in South Africa, one of the largest exporters under the AGOA agreement, have predicted that discontinuation of AGOA, could have a significant impact on the economy. ^[30] The renewal of AGOA would be impacted by the declining US-South Africa relations. On February 6, 2024 the US-South Africa Bilateral Relations Review Bill (US-SA Bill) was introduced and referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. ^[31] The bill, now awaiting Senate and presidential review, would require the US government to review the bilateral relationship between the United States and South Africa. If enacted, the bill would consequentially jeopardise South African access to the AGOA, which facilitated $23.7 billion in two-way trade in 2023. ^[32] Furthermore, South Africa's neutral stance on the Russia-Ukraine war and its deepening ties with China and Hamas, as stated in the US-South Africa bill, are likely to become points of contention in the second Trump presidency. ^[33]

Trump had clearly stated that he would not renew AGOA during his first term of presidency. ^[34] Although, Project 2025, in its suggestions to Agency of International Development, calls for the renewal of AGOA ‘but within a strategic framework that rewards good governance and pro–free market economic policies’. ^[35] Therefore, under the transactional approach of Trump AGOA is set to experience significant changes in the conditions of implementation.

Tariffs

Tariffs are one of the most controversial and unpredictable domain of future Trump administration. Trumps ‘America First’ and transactional approach is bound to have a significant impact on tariffs. On November 26, 2024 Trump claimed to sign, all necessary documents to charge Mexico and Canada a 25 percent tariff on ‘all’ products coming into the US, as his first executive order. ^[36] Trump also claimed to charge China an additional 10 percent tariff, above any additional tariffs, on all of their many products coming into the US. ^[37] Over that on December 1, 2024 trump took to social media platform to warn imposing of a whopping 100 percent tariffs ^[38] on BRICS countries, if BRICS push towards de-dollarization, as it threatens to amplify efforts in drifting global trade away from the US. Trumps aims to deliver all these pledges as soon as he assumes office.

Tump’s inclination towards increasing tariffs is attributable to the primary reasons of; i) protect US manufacturing; ii) bring new investments to the US, and; iii) stem the flow of drugs and illegal immigration.^[39] Considering this scenario, Trump is likely to continue his short-term transactional approach and this would force US and African countries to identify the specific interests that define their relations and how best to pursue them. ^[40] Also, the indifference of some African leaders towards human rights have historically had an impact on US imposing tariffs.

These endeavours will make it harder for US to compete with other geo-political powers, like China, in the region and it will also be difficult for US to consolidate bilateral ties or resolve crises on the continent.

Security Alliances

In recent times, the US military had to withdraw from Chad and Niger. The African nations that move away from partnerships with the US military could be both an assertion of nationalism or increasing Russian military presence in the continent. Albeit, Trump carries a reputation of ‘America First’ and is in favour of withdrawal of US troops and putting them out of harm’s way.

In 2017, four US military soldiers were ambushed in Niger; Trump, then questioned the presence of US military in the region. ^[41] Further, a blank slate review of US forces in Africa was ordered that could have potentially resulted in the complete withdrawal of troops from the continent. ^[42]

With Trump’s coming to presidency there is an anticipation that the US military presence in the region might decrease further, although Trump administration would keenly watch the security dynamics in the continent. With much of Africa remaining largely sceptical of an expanded US military presence, a Trump approach that seeks to actively limit US military presence on the continent could be seen as a welcome change. ^[43] Although, with declining military presence, US would not be willing to forgo the strategic influence in the region. Hence US, under Trump administration, would be willing to find new strategic locations that could balance the security dynamics in the region. This diversification, for new strategic and security cooperation in the continent, has been initiated under the Biden administration. As per the ongoings of strategic and security cooperation between US and Africa, under the Biden administration, it is believed that Cote d’Ivoire and Gabon are now the focus of US diplomatic efforts. ^[44]

Under the Biden administration, US Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken announced, during his visit to Abidjan in January 22, 2024, to provide $45 million to help Côte d’Ivoire and its neighbours prevent conflict and promote stability in the face of regional threats. ^[45] This was followed by AFRICOM Commander Langley, accompanied by Sergeant Woods, visit to Côte d’Ivoire for reinforcing the longstanding partnership between the United States and the Ivoirian government. ^[46] Meanwhile, US cooperation with Gabon further deepened with the commencement of partnership between West Virginia National Guard (WVNG) and the Republic of Gabon. ^[47] This collaboration represents a milestone in US-Africa security cooperation, focusing on military training and maritime security.
Moreover, in order to increase relevance in the Red Sea, it is being advocated that, under Trump administration, US policy toward the Horn of Africa will undergo a considerable change. As, there are speculations that Trump might view recognition of Somaliland, as an independent state, to hedge against the US’s deteriorating position in Djibouti. Also, the recognition would come with an aim to strengthen US strategic influence in the area of the Red Sea. ^[48]

Therefore, US under Trump is likely keep security cooperation in Africa a priority while balancing the ‘America First’ approach in military presence.

Immigration

During Trump’s first presidency the infamous ‘Muslim ban’ was imposed. In 2017, President Trump signed an executive order banning people from six Muslim-majority countries from entering the USA, and slamming the door on refugees. ^[49] Even during the 2024 presidential campaign Trump had a strict policy towards illegal immigration. Trump pledged to deport one million people who do not have legal permission to be in the US. ^[50]

This would have a deep impact on African immigration to US. In 2022, around 13,000 African migrants were recorded at the US-Mexico border, by 2023, this figure had quadrupled to 58,000. ^[51] Furthermore, many of the African countries, particularly west African countries are considered hotspots of terrorism ^[52] the probability of restricting more Africans from US shores increases under Trump administration.

Critical Minerals

The importance of the African continent has increased considerably with the existence of rich mineral resources. With the world grappling with perils of climate change, need of energy transition has become much more imperative not only for environment but also to meet the global standards. Access to large deposits of critical minerals that Africa has is significant for America’s economy as well as for the technologies that will lead us into the future. ^[53]

Under this context Trump would be willing to obtain a secured supply chain for critical minerals. Trump has been well acknowledged for his transactional pragmatism and one key focus of such transactional approach would be to harness the supply chains for critical minerals in Africa. It is anticipated that Trump would respond aggressively to Chinese endeavours for obtaining a monopoly over certain mineral resources in Africa. To counter the Chinese presence on critical minerals in the continent, Trump should initiate efforts to work in collaboration with other global partners.

Here collaborations with countries like UAE would be fruitful, as UAE has made rapid progress through the International Holding Company (IHC) which will allocate $1 billion towards mining acquisitions in Africa. ^[54] This investment is substantive for IHC’s acquisition of the Mopani Copper Mine in Zambia.^[55] Hence, presence of critical minerals in Africa could really play a pivotal role for the continent to attract attention of the new US administration.

Conclusion

Considering the recent visit of President Biden to Angola and South Africa, being the G-20 chair, set to host 2025 Johannesburg summit, signals a renewed interest of US to engage with Africa. The incoming administration of US president Donald Trump signals a recalibration of US-Africa relations. US-Africa relations might be a priority for Trump in his second term of presidency. Although, Trump is likely to view the US-Africa relations from the context of great power competition. In Africa, the US would be competing with China on investments and critical mineral resources, and with Russia in terms of security relations. Under these circumstances transactional strategies may yield short-term gains, further a failure to prioritize equitable and sustainable partnerships risk could potentially lead to diminishing of US influence on the continent.

The renewal of AGOA remains under question as Trump seems to dial up the tariffs. If the AGOA is renewed then African countries should see Trump’s second term as an opportunity to cement the improvements in commercial relations. ^[56] On the military front, Trump’s “America First” ideology may lead to a scaled-back US presence in Africa. Immigration policies under Trump are anticipated to be tightened significantly, potentially restricting illegal pathways for African migrants while exacerbating humanitarian challenges.

Critical minerals, essential for global energy transitions and technological advancements, remain Africa’s strategic bargaining chip. Trump’s anticipated pragmatism could drive targeted collaborations, particularly with UAE, in securing mineral supply chains, primarily to counter China’s dominance in the region.

Project 2025, in its suggestions for the US Department of State under Trump administration, calls for a return of focus towards; core diplomatic activities; shifting strategic focus from assistance to growth; preventing terrorism, and engaging with the continent in collaboration with those countries from which the US can expect a mutually beneficial relationship.^[57] Despite this it is more likely that geo-political power struggles would play a key role in navigating the discourse for US-Africa relations.

Endnotes

^[1] The Associated Press. November 7, 2024. 2024 Election: Donald Trump elected 47th President of the United States. Accessed on November 30, 2024. https://apnews.com/live/trump-harris-election-updates-11-5-2024
^[2] The White House. May 23, 2024. FACT SHEET: Kenya State Visit to the United States. Briefing Room. Statement and Releases. Accessed on December 13, 2024.https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/05/23/fact-sheet-kenya-state-visit-to-the-united-states/
^[3] International Trade Administration. June 24, 2024. Kenya Defense Designation of Kenya as a major Non-NATO U.S Ally (MNNA). Market Intelligence. Accessed on December 13, 2024. https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/kenya-defense-designation-kenya-major-non-nato-us-ally-mnna
^[4] Ibid.
^[5] US Department of State. November 26, 2024. Digital Press Briefing: President Biden’s Visit to Angola. Special Briefing. Accessed on December 11, 2024. https://www.state.gov/digital-press-briefing-president-bidens-visit-to-angola/
^[6] The White House. December 2, 2024. Fact Sheet: President Biden’s Trip to Angola. Briefing Room. Statements and Releases. Accessed on December 11, 2024. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/12/02/fact-sheet-president-bidens-trip-to-angola/
^[7] USAID. December 3, 2024. The United States Announces More Than $1 Billion in Humanitarian Assistance to Address Food Insecurity and Other Needs in Africa. Press Release. https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/dec-03-2024-united-states-announces-more-1-billion-humanitarian-assistance-address-food-insecurity-and-other-needs-africa
^[8] The White House. December 15, 2022. Remarks by President Biden at the US-Africa Summit Leaders Session on Partnering on the African Union’s Agenda 2063. Briefing Room. Speeched and Remarks. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/12/15/remarks-by-president-biden-at-the-u-s-africa-summit-leaders-session-on-partnering-on-the-african-unions-agenda-2063/
^[9] The White House. September 21, 2022. Remarks by President Biden Before the 77th Session of the United Nations General Assembly. Briefing Room. Speeched and Remarks. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/09/21/remarks-by-president-biden-before-the-77th-session-of-the-united-nations-general-assembly/
^[10] Hudson, Cameron. October 8, 2024. What US Elections Could Mean for Africa. Page 2. Center for Strategic and International Studies. CSIS. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-us-elections-could-mean-africa
^[11] Vitali, A., Hunt, K. & Thorp, F. January 12, 2018. Trump referred to Haiti and African nations as 'shithole' countries. NBC News. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-referred-haiti-african-countries-shithole-nations-n836946
^[12] Simons, Bright. November 7, 2024. What Trump’s second presidential term means for Africa. The Africa Report. Accessed on November 8, 2024. https://www.theafricareport.com/367556/opinion-what-trumps-second-presidential-term-means-for-africa/
^[13] Adegoke, Yinka. November 3, 2024. Trump’s Africa plans take pragmatic turn. Semafor. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://www.semafor.com/article/11/01/2024/trumps-africa-plans-take-pragmatic-turn-for-election
^[14] Groves, S. and Dans, P., et.al. April 2023. Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise. Section 2: The Common Defense. Page 186. The Heritage Foundation. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://static.project2025.org/2025_MandateForLeadership_FULL.pdf
^[15] ibid.
^[16] White House Archives. December 13, 2024. President Donald J. Trump’s Africa Strategy Advances Prosperity, Security, and Stability. Fact Sheet, Foreign Policy. Trump White House Archives. Accessed on November 9, 2024. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trumps-africa-strategy-advances-prosperity-security-stability/
^[17] Prosper Africa. September 4, 2024. New Data Shows Significant Growth in US- Africa Trade and Investment Engagement. Accessed on November 9, 2024. https://www.prosperafrica.gov/news/new-data-shows-significant-growth-in-u-s-africa-trade-and-investment-engagement/
^[18] Prosper Africa. November 9, 2024. Results. Accessed on November 9, 2024. https://www.prosperafrica.gov/results/
^[19] Prosper Africa. September 4, 2024. New Data Shows Significant Growth in US- Africa Trade and Investment Engagement. Accessed on November 9, 2024. https://www.prosperafrica.gov/news/new-data-shows-significant-growth-in-u-s-africa-trade-and-investment-engagement/
^[20] Prosper Africa. Explore Our Results by Country. Accessed on December 12, 2024. https://www.prosperafrica.gov/results/
^[21] U.S. Embassy in Mozambique. March 28, 2022. U.S. Government Supports Newly Launched Temane Energy Projects. Accessed on December 11, 2024. https://mz.usembassy.gov/u-s-government-supports-newly-launched-temane-energy-projects/
^[22] U.S. Embassy in Mozambique. May 14, 2021. U.S. Government Lights Up 92 Health Facilities in Sofala Province with a $320,000 Investment in Solar Power. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://mz.usembassy.gov/u-s-government-lights-up-92-health-facilities-in-sofala-province-with-a-320000-investment-in-solar-power/
^[23] Osman, Riaz. November 17, 2024. Prosper Africa, IBM Consulting, launch pilot pharmaceutical supply chain to boost visibility. Intelligent CIO. Accessed on December 12, 2024. https://www.intelligentcio.com/africa/2024/11/17/prosper-africa-ibm-consulting-launch-pilot-pharmaceutical-supply-chain-to-boost-visibility/
^[24] Auth, Katie. April 23, 2024. Getting Real: How the United States Can Deliver on Its Commitment to African Infrastructure. Carnegie China. Accessed on December 12, 2024. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/04/getting-real-how-the-united-states-can-deliver-on-its-commitment-to-african-infrastructure?lang=en&center=china
^[25] Dans, Paul and Groves, Steven. 2024. Project 2025: Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise. Section 2: The common Defense. Department of State. Sub-Saharan Africa. Page 186. Accessed on December 14, 2024. https://static.project2025.org/2025_MandateForLeadership_FULL.pdf
^[26] Andae, Gerald. November 6, 2024. Trump Win Could Jeopardise AGOA Renewal, Putting Africa at a Crossroads. All Africa. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://allafrica.com/stories/202411060358.html
^[27] United States Trade Representative. June 2024. 2024 Biennial Report on the Implementation of: The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). Appendix 1, AGOA Eligible and Ineligible Countries. Executive Office of the President of United Staes. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2024%20AGOA%20Biennial%20Report%206-27-2024%20PDF.pdf
^[28] Hudson, Cameron. October 8, 2024. What US Elections Could Mean for Africa. Page 2. Center for Strategic and International Studies. CSIS. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-us-elections-could-mean-africa
^[29] Picchi, Aimee. June 20, 2024. Trump is proposing a 10% tariff. Economists say that amounts to a $1,700 tax on Americans. CBS News. Accessed on November 9, 2024. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-tariffs-proposal-10-percent-1700-cost-per-us-household/
^[30] ibid.
^[31] U.S.-South Africa Bilateral Relations Review Act. February 6, 2024. https://www.congress.gov/118/bills/hr7256/BILLS-118hr7256ih.pdf
^[32] Cele, Mpilo. July 31, 2024. US-SA Relations Review Bill threatens the pillars of multilateralism. Mail and Guardian. https://mg.co.za/thought-leader/opinion/2024-07-31-us-sa-relations-review-bill-threatens-the-pillars-of-multilateralism/
^[33] Liaga, E. & Simakoloyi, Z. December 9, 2024. Africa must prepare for Trump’s comeback. Institute for Security Studies. Accessed on December 9, 2024. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/africa-must-prepare-for-trump-s-comeback
^[34] Chibelushi, Wedaeli. November 6, 2024. Trade, aid, security: What does Trump's win mean for Africa? BBC. Accessed on November 9, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gz29yn00no
^[35] Groves, S. and Dans, P., et.al. April 2023. Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise. Section 2: The Common Defense. Agency for International Development. Page 276. The Heritage Foundation. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://static.project2025.org/2025_MandateForLeadership_FULL.pdf
^[36] Truth Social platform. November 26, 2024. Donald J. Trump. @realDonaldTrump. Accessed on December 9, 2024. https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/113546215051155542
^[37] Truth Social platform. November 26, 2024. Donald J. Trump. @realDonaldTrump. Accessed on December 9, 2024. https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/113546215408213585
^[38] X. December 1, 2024. Donald J. Trump. Accessed on December 9, 2024. HTTPS://X.COM/REALDONALDTRUMP/STATUS/1863009545858998512
^[39] Picchi, Aimee. November 26, 2024. Here's why Trump thinks tariffs are good for the US — and what the experts say. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-tariffs-mexico-canada-china-truth-social/
^[40] Opalo, Ken. December 4, 2024. A Trumpian Policy for Africa. Foreign Affairs. Accessed on December 9, 2024. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/africa/trumpian-policy-africa
^[41] Hudson, Cameron. October 8, 2024. What US Elections Could Mean for Africa. Page 2. Center for Strategic and International Studies. CSIS. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-us-elections-could-mean-africa
^[42] Williams, Katie. March 4, 2020. House Bill Tries to Force Trump to Keep Troops in Africa. Defense one. Accessed on November 9, 2024. https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2020/03/exclusive-house-bill-tries-force-trump-keep-troops-africa/163501/
^[43] Hudson, Cameron. October 8, 2024. What US Elections Could Mean for Africa. Page 2. Center for Strategic and International Studies. CSIS. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-us-elections-could-mean-africa
^[44] Yade, Rama. December 13, 2024. What Trump’s next presidency will mean for Africa. Atlantic Council. Accessed on December 4, 2024. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/africasource/what-trumps-next-presidency-will-mean-for-africa/
^[45] Fact Sheet. January 22, 2024. The United States and Côte d’Ivoire: Strengthening Our Partnership. The Office of Spokesperson. Press Release. U.S Department of State. Accessed on December 14, 2024. https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-cote-divoire-strengthening-our-partnership/
^[46] U.S. Mission Côte d’Ivoire. April 30, 2024. AFRICOM Strengthens Partnerships with Côte d'Ivoire. U.S. Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire. Accessed on December 14, 2024. https://ci.usembassy.gov/africom-strengthens-partnerships-with-cote-divoire/
^[47] News and Events. March 8, 2024. The United States Embassy Announces New State Partnership between Gabon and West Virginia National Guard. U.S. Embassy in Gabon. Accessed on December 14, 2024. https://ga.usembassy.gov/the-united-states-embassy-announces-new-state-partnership-between-gabon-and-west-virginia-national-guard/
^[48] Yade, Rama. December 13, 2024. What Trump’s next presidency will mean for Africa. Atlantic Council. Accessed on December 4, 2024. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/africasource/what-trumps-next-presidency-will-mean-for-africa/
^[49] Amnesty International UK. October 6, 2020. A licence to discriminate: Trump's Muslim & refugee ban. Accessed on November 9, 2024. https://www.amnesty.org.uk/licence-discriminate-trumps-muslim-refugee-ban
^[50] Debusmann, B. & Wendling, M. November 2024. How would Trump’s promise of mass deportations of migrants work? BBC. Accessed on November 9, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce9z0lm48ngo
^[51] Chibelushi, Wedaeli. November 6, 2024. Trade, aid, security: What does Trump's win mean for Africa? BBC. Accessed on November 9, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gz29yn00no
^[52] Lewis, D., Donati, J. & Kang, K. September 24, 2024. Why West Africa is now the world's terrorism hotspot. Reuters. Accessed on November 9, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-africa-becomes-global-terrorism-hotspot-western-forces-leave-2024-09-24/
^[53] Adegoke, Yinka. November 3, 2024. Trump’s Africa plans take pragmatic turn. Semafor. Accessed on November 7, 2024. https://www.semafor.com/article/11/01/2024/trumps-africa-plans-take-pragmatic-turn-for-election
^[54] Samodien, Thaakira. May 28, 2024. International Holding Company to Invest $1 Billion in African Mining. Energy Capital & Power. Accessed on December 12, 2024. https://energycapitalpower.com/international-holding-company-to-invest-1-billion-in-african-mining/
^[55] Mfula, Chris. December 1, 2023. Zambia selects UAE's IHC unit as new partner in Mopani Copper Mines. Reuters. Accessed on December 12, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/zambia-selects-uaes-ihc-unit-new-partner-mopani-copper-mines-2023-12-01/
^[56] Opalo, Ken. December 4, 2024. A Trumpian Policy for Africa. Foreign Affairs. Accessed on December 9, 2024. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/africa/trumpian-policy-africa
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