Dr. Prem Mahadevan specializes in research on intelligence and terrorism. He was a senior researcher for almost nine years with the Centre for Security Studies (CSS) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. The current paper is derived from research conducted for his latest book, Islamism and Intelligence in South Asia, which examined linkages between the Pakistani 'Deep State' and jihadist groups. The paper was written with generous support of the CSS for which the author is grateful. Mahadevan has briefed NATO Headquarters, the Global Counterterrorism Forum, European Union and Swiss policy officials about state involvement in cross-border terrorism in South Asia. He dedicates this paper to the memories of Gavriel and Rivka Holtzberg, killed by Pakistani terrorists in the 26/11 attack. He was a Visiting Fellow, VIF form 2012 to 2013.