Canada as a country is renowned for its maple forests producing sweet maple syrup, beaver dams built by hard-working beavers, good-looking actors with the name Ryan, the best view of Niagara Falls, and, of course, an unbiased justice system and efficient law enforcement agencies. Everything mentioned in the above statement is true, except for the comment on the Canadian justice system and law enforcement agencies. Canada projects itself as a bastion of fairness, a playground that ensures freedom of expression, and a country that believes in the rule of law. But in recent years, it has been unfortunately seen to be protecting the interests of a tiny group of intolerant individuals called the Canadian Khalistanis, which also include designated terrorists for petty political interests.

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression for Canadians. However, Canadian Khalistani terrorists like Gurpatwant Singh Pannun and others like him are misusing these provisions to spew their hate towards India. This misguided zeal to protect freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression of Khalistani terrorists has created an environment in Canada in which insane individuals openly threaten Hindus, Air India flights, and the Indian High Commissioner to Canada besides other Indian diplomats there.^[1] After the 7th October Hamas-led attack on Israel, Pannun threatened to carry out similar attacks on India. ^[2] Expressing the desire to blow up a passenger plane or carry out terrorist attacks shouldn’t be protected under the umbrella of freedom of expression and the right to free speech.

The Canadian government under the Liberal Party of Canada has been mollycoddling the Khalistanis to stay in power. However, when it comes to protecting the rights of other communities, Canada falls miserably short. The Khalistanis, supported by the Canadian police, have constantly attacked and vandalized Hindu temples in Canada.^[3] The law enforcement agencies of Canada are assaulting devotees inside Hindu temple premises on behalf of the Khalistanis.^[4]

This article, showcases the efficiency, or lack thereof, of the Canadian justice systems and law enforcement agencies. On 21st October 2024, two Canadian men, Tanner Fox and Jose Lopez, pleaded guilty to killing Ripudaman Singh Malik on 14th July 2022 in Surrey, British Columbia.^[5] Ripudaman Singh Malik, labelled as a Vancouver businessman by the Canadian justice system, was minding his own business when these two hired guns ended his valuable life. In the past two years, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and the Canadian justice system have worked tirelessly on the investigation and the subsequent trial to provide justice, and pretty soon the culprits will get their due punishment. The family of Ripudaman Singh Malik, who were bereaving the loss of a “father, brother, husband, and grandfather, as well as a tireless community leader,” has thanked the RCMP for their hard work in providing the family justice, but they also stressed the need to identify and punish the individuals who pulled the strings from above.^[6] The above case elucidates that the Canadian law and justice system can function smoothly and swiftly if they want to. But something went wrong in the investigation and trial related to the Air India and the Narita airport bombings. The flawless Canadian law and justice systems could not provide justice to the families of the 331 people killed by Canadian Khalistani terrorists.^[7]

On 23rd June 1985, Air India Flight 182, a wide-bodied Boeing 747 jumbo jet carrying 329 souls, departed from Montreal in Canada and was headed to Mumbai with a stopover at London. The plane was called Emperor Kanishka, named after an ancient Indian Kushana Emperor. The plane was on its way to London when it suddenly vanished from the radar off the Irish coast at about 07:14 GMT.^[8] There was no communication or distress signal from the plane; it just suddenly disappeared. Later, an emergency crew located the scattered debris of the plane in the Atlantic Ocean.

A time bomb kept in a ‘solo travelling’ luggage exploded in the cargo hold of the plane and blew a hole in the left side of the plane’s fuselage.^[9] The disintegrating plane fell from 31,000 feet into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 307 passengers and 22 crew members.^[10] The victims included 280 Canadian citizens; ^[11] most of them were of Indian origin. ^[12] Among the dead were 83 children, including six babies.^[13] Only 131 bodies were recovered from the wreckage site, which spread across miles of the ocean.^[14] Ironically, the plane met a violent end like its namesake, Emperor Kanishka, who was killed by his subjects.

On the same day, about an hour before the Air India Flight 182 attack, another ‘solo travelling’ luggage exploded at Narita International Airport in Tokyo, Japan, at 15:19 JST (UTC+9). This unaccompanied luggage was checked in on Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 003 at Vancouver Airport and was transiting the Narita International Airport. It was supposed to be transferred onto Air India Flight 301 to Bangkok. Fortunately for the passengers of Air India Flight 301, the bomb exploded early while the plane was still grounded. The Canadian terrorists got the timing of the Air India flight taking off from Tokyo wrong because of daylight saving time, which Canada uses but Japan doesn’t. Unfortunately, it still ended up killing two Japanese baggage handlers and injuring four others at the airport.^[15]

Although 280 Canadians and 51 others were killed in these bombings, the Canadian government was slow to investigate the case as they saw the Air India bombings as a foreign matter. The Indian government, on the other hand, immediately appointed a public inquiry. To ease the pain of the grieving families and to commemorate the dead, Canada built a beautiful memorial on the southwestern shore of Ireland within one year of the Air India Bombing.^[16] However, the legal proceedings of these bombings continued to move at a snail’s pace. A high-tech, high-security courtroom with three portable tent-like, bullet-proof enclosures for the accused was built especially for the Air India bombing trial. ^[17] After spending millions of Canadian dollars in protecting the terrorists and more than two decades in the trial, the efficient Canadian justice system could find evidence against just one of the multiple Canadian Khalistanis accused in the case.

Inderjit Singh Reyat, the bomb maker, who was the sole person incarcerated for the bombings, would later be released from jail after completing his mild punishment in 2017.^[18] The point to be noted here is that Reyat was charged with manslaughter by the Canadian court. The Canadian justice system felt that the ‘slap in the wrist’ punishment for an act of terrorism that killed 331 individuals was enough to rehabilitate poor Inderjit Singh Reyat. After all, Reyat didn’t know what the time bombs that he manufactured would be used for.^[19] Maybe he thought his fellow Canadian terrorist wanted to go for dynamite fishing. Therefore, Reyat was allowed to start a normal life with his family and friends in 2017 ^[20] after facilitating one of the worst acts of aviation terrorism.^[21] Anil Singh Hanse, whose father Narendra Hanse piloted Air India Flight 182, said he was disturbed by the news that Reyat would be free to live at home. “This is a positive message for anyone wanting or plotting to do any untoward attacks. Crazy, I tell you—just crazy,” Hanse said in an e-mail to the National Post in 2017 after Reyat’s release. ^[22] The paucity of justice in the case feels like a festering wound that the Canadian justice system can no longer heal.

In the 1980s, Canada had become a breeding ground for deranged Canadian Khalistanis. The Canadian authorities turned a blind eye to the activities of the Canadian Khalistani terrorist groups like Babbar Khalsa. In the second half of 1984, amid multiple violent demonstrations by Canadian Khalistanis in different parts of Canada, several informers told the Canadian police about a plot against Air India, which had only one weekly flight from Canada, Flight 182. But none of the informers were deemed reliable.^[23] Despite multiple intelligence inputs of a possible attack on an Air India plane, the Canadian government was too late to act on the suspicious acts of the Canadian Khalistanis.

The other suspects in the Air India bombings were Talwinder Singh Parmar, Ripudaman Singh Malik (a so-called Vancouver businessman and community leader), Ajaib Singh Bagri, Surjan Singh Gill, Hardial Singh Johal and Daljit Sandhu. Almost all of them went scot-free. Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri were acquitted in 2005 because Justice Ian Josephson of the British Columbia Supreme Court didn’t find the prosecution’s key witnesses credible. ^[24] Rattan Singh Kalsi, whose daughter was killed in the aircraft bombing, was present in the court trial in 2005. He said, “Why did they even have this trial? We were suffering anyway. Now we will suffer more.”^[25] The mastermind of the attack, Talwinder Singh Parmar, slipped through the cracks. These incidents might make one wonder what exactly happened. How did Canadian intelligence fail so miserably to prevent these attacks even after receiving multiple warnings of possible terrorist attacks against Indian interests in Canada? ^[26] How were bombs in the luggage carried onto the plane? And how did the terrorists escape justice?

Talvinder Singh Parmar, a Canadian terrorist, carried out the planning of this deadly attack.^[27] Parmar was born in Kapurthala, Punjab, in 1944 and immigrated to Canada in May 1970. He later became a naturalized Canadian citizen.^[28] He was also one of the founding members of a terror group called Babbar Khalsa in Canada in 1978. In 1982, Parmar was accused of killing policemen in Punjab, and the Indian government requested his extradition. But the Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Trudeau (father of the current Prime Minister of Canada), rejected the extradition.^[29] Pierre Trudeau’s refusal to extradite the future architect of the Air India bombing was based on a puerile excuse. According to Pierre Trudeau, India was insufficiently deferential to the Queen (Elizabeth II), and the extradition protocols between Commonwealth countries would not apply because India only recognized Her Majesty as Head of the Commonwealth and not as Head of State.^[30] Canadians would pay dearly for this decision, as Parmar was showing early signs of his extremism. Even though Canada declined the extradition of Parmar, they still put him under surveillance since 1982.^[31] His movements were tracked by agents, and his phone was tapped by the Canada Security Intelligence Service (CSIS).^[32] But even after these elaborate steps, the Canadian intelligence agencies couldn’t prevent the bombing.

By 1985, Talvinder Singh Parmar was looking for a chance to avenge the horrible events of the year 1984. Parmar, along with Ajaib Singh Bagri (a pseudo-religious preacher and a known Hindu hater^[33]), used to travel across Canada to incite the Sikh community present in Canada against the Indian government. The duo of Parmar and Bagri also propagated the idea of establishing Khalistan in these meetings.^[34] These meetings were used as fundraisers for Babbar Khalsa’s nefarious plans to hurt India. For the Canadian Khalistanis, Air India planes were the easiest target in Canada against India. The Indo-Canadian community in Canada would often talk about the threat to Air India planes. They knew that something big was going to happen. For months they kept saying, “Air India ki flight mat lo (Don’t take an Air India flight).” ^[35] These murmurs reached Canadian intelligence, but they never took it seriously. Unfortunately, Parmar was serious about evil intentions. He recruited fellow Canadian Khalistani, Inderjit Singh Reyat, to construct the bombs.

Reyat was born in India in the 1950s and moved to Canada in 1974. He later acquired the citizenship of Canada. He worked as a car mechanic and electrician in Duncan, British Columbia. Reyat started procuring the parts required for the bomb. He tried to acquire dynamite on the pretext that he had to blow up old tree stumps on his property. ^[36] He got hold of a 400-page blasting manual with technical information on the use of explosives. Later, Reyat tested the devices that he assembled in the woods while under surveillance by the competent members of CSIS on 4th June 1985. The proficient agents of CSIS mistook the sound of an explosion in the woods carried out by Parmar, Reyat and co. as the sound of a thunderous rifle.^[37] Inderjit Singh Reyat eventually ended up building two bombs for the 23 June attack with the help of Parmar and other Canadian terrorists, whose names he never revealed during the trial.^[38] The highly efficient Canadian intelligence agencies couldn’t plead properly in front of Reyat and find out about his co-conspirators.

In the first week of June 1985, the Air India Headquarters in Bombay (Mumbai) shared information about a plot to place time bombs on the weekly Air India flight originating from Canada with the RCMP in Toronto.^[39] The RCMP didn’t think it was necessary to share this crucial intelligence with the CSIS. After the mass attack, the competent RCMP said that, although they were receiving multiple intelligence inputs from different agencies and common people about the possible attack on Air India, these intelligence inputs were not specific enough for them to take any preventive actions. Here, the point to be noted is that Air India had just one weekly flight operating between Canada and India, which was Air India Flight 182. Therefore, steps could have been taken by relevant Canadian agencies to protect this specific flight.

After making the bombs under the sinusitis-infected noses of the Canadian agents, the next task for the Canadian Khalistanis was to get the bombs inside the planes. CSIS wiretaps showed that Talvinder Singh Parmar ordered Hardial Singh Johal to book the plane tickets.^[40] On 20 June 1985, an unidentified individual, probably Johal, called the airlines and made reservations for two people, namely M. Singh and L. Singh, on two different flights. One of the flights was Canadian Pacific Air Flight 060 from Vancouver to Toronto and connecting to Air India Flight 181/182, and the other was Canadian Pacific Flight 003, departing Vancouver for Narita airport in Japan with a connecting flight from Narita airport to Bangkok on Air India Flight 301.^[41]

An unknown Canadian terrorist identifying himself as M. Singh brought the luggage with the time bomb to Vancouver airport on 22nd June. M. Singh deceived the ticketing agent Jeanne Bakermans at Vancouver airport and got his luggage checked in all the way from Canadian Pacific Air Flight 060 to Air India Flight 182, even though his ticket was only partially confirmed.^[42] Air India Flight 181 from Toronto to Montreal and Air India Flight 182 from Montreal to Delhi remained waitlisted. Jeanne Bakermans (ticketing agent) said during the trial that M. Singh was very argumentative and, with a long line of impatient passengers behind him, she felt tagging the bag was the right thing to do.^[43] After some time, a second man named L. Singh checked his bags on Canadian Pacific Flight 003 to India via Japan and Thailand.^[44] The two bags with the bombs didn’t go through an x-ray machine at Vancouver Airport as both flights were with Canadian Pacific Air Lines.^[45] X-ray checking was only done for Air India flights. Also, M. Singh and L. Singh never boarded their respective planes as they never existed.

Mandip Singh Grewal, son of one of the victims of Flight 182, saw Hardial Singh Johal at the Vancouver Airport on 22nd June.^[46] Johal used to work as a janitor at Mandip’s school, which is why he could recognize him. It is still not clear what Johal was doing at the airport on that day. Another witness in the trial testified that Ajaib Singh Bagri asked to borrow her car the night before the bombing on the pretext that he needed to take some luggage to the Vancouver Airport, although he wasn’t travelling. ^[47]

At Toronto Airport, luggage from different domestic flights to be transferred to Air India Flight 181 was collected at the international baggage area for x-ray examination and tagging. The x-ray unit suddenly became unserviceable after screening 50-75% of the luggage. Hand-held PD4C sniffers were used to check the remaining luggage. ^[48] However, the security officials checking the luggage were not properly trained to read the signs. Moreover, the sniffer dogs at the airport were also not around as they had training on that particular day. Therefore, the luggage with the bomb found its way into the Air India flight in Toronto.

This series of lapses in airport security, along with the inability of the Canadian intelligence agencies to eliminate the threat generated by a handful of deranged Canadian Khalistanis, puts the incompetence of the intelligence and security apparatus into the limelight. The CSIS and the RCMP had multiple inputs about the activities of the Canadian Khalistani terrorists even before the bomb was manufactured. But they chose not to do anything. The security of Air India Flight 182 was a priority on paper for the Canadian agencies, but at Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal airports, security for the fateful flight was an afterthought.

Matching the incompetence of the intelligence and security agencies, the justice system in Canada failed to punish the culprits of the bombings. They could only convict Inderjit Singh Reyat for manslaughter, which any sane person would say wasn’t enough for the magnitude of the crime committed. The Canadian justice system ultimately ended up serving gross injustice to the families of the Air India bombing victims. During this long-drawn trial, which lasted for more than two decades, witnesses were being bought, silenced, or murdered, and evidence was destroyed. The Canadian justice system allowed the Canadian terrorists to walk away from justice with a smirk on their faces. Canadian terrorists like Inderjit Singh Reyat, Ripudaman Singh Malik, Ajaib Singh Bagri, and Hardial Singh Johal were allowed to enjoy the rest of their lives with their families. ^[49]

Why did Canada ignore so many red flags? Did race have something to do with it? Some would agree with that thought because, after the Air India bombing, the Canadian Prime Minister called the Indian Prime Minister to offer his condolences. This act might seem normal at first, but we are forgetting the fact that out of the 329 individuals killed in the mass murder by Canadian terrorists, 280 were Canadian citizens. The Canadian attitude was quite clear. The plane was Indian (run by the Indian state), the majority of the victims were of Indian origin, and the attackers were motivated by Indian separatism. Therefore, for the Canadian authorities, it wasn’t a Canadian problem. This attitude of the Canadian authorities changed when the then Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper (from the Conservative Party of Canada), apologised for the mistakes. It was seen as a reset in India-Canada relations. But in 2015, Stephen Harper was succeeded by Justin Trudeau as Prime Minister, the son of Khalistani sympathizer Pierre Trudeau.

The culprits of Air India Flight 182 are partially eliminated, but their ideology remains. Pierre Trudeau protected the interests of the Canadian Khalistanis in 1985. In the present, it’s Justin Trudeau who is shielding the Canadian Khalistanis and ignoring their systemic violence against Indians and the Indo-Canadian community in Canada for petty political gains. The current Canadian government needs to understand that harbouring these rogue elements will not only strain Canada’s relationship with India but also impact Canada’s internal security in the future. Canada needs to value the people-to-people contact that still exists between the two nations. As Indians, we can only hope that better sense prevails in Canada. The Canadian government can improve the strained relationship by addressing India’s concerns about Khalistan. A renewed commitment to fostering positive relations can enhance bilateral ties and contribute to regional and global stability.

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^[36] Bolan, Kim, “Reyat’s twisted road to revenge, jail” The Vancouver Sun, 13 February 2003. https://web.archive.org/web/20120822000518/http://www2.canada.com/vancouversun/features/airindia/story.html?id=d2caa4c0-4647-4b85-bd21-e8aafc06f8e1
^[37] Rae, Bob (2005). “The report of the Honourable Bob Rae, Independent Advisor to the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, on outstanding questions with respect to the bombing of Air India Flight 182,” Lessons to be Learned, Government of Canada, page 8.
^[38] Rae, Bob (2005). “The report of the Honourable Bob Rae, Independent Advisor to the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, on outstanding questions with respect to the bombing of Air India Flight 182,” Lessons to be Learned, Government of Canada, page 7-8.
^[39] Milewski, Terry, “Air India Evidence - Part 1 Plotted in plain sight?” CBC NEWS, 30 April 2007.
^[40] Milewski, Terry, “Sikh politics in Canada,” CBC NEWS, 28 June 2007.
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^[44] “Agent recalls checking fateful Air India bag,” CBC NEWS, 5 May 2003.
^[45] Rae, Bob (2005). “The report of the Honourable Bob Rae, Independent Advisor to the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, on outstanding questions with respect to the bombing of Air India Flight 182,” Lessons to be Learned, Government of Canada, page 9-10.
^[46] Smith, Charlie, “Terror of Air India Flight 182 comes to small screen,” Straight.com, 18 June 2008.
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^[47] “Air India trial focus shifts to Bagri,” CBC NEWS, 2 December 2003.
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^[48] Rae, Bob (2005). “The report of the Honourable Bob Rae, Independent Advisor to the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, on outstanding questions with respect to the bombing of Air India Flight 182,” Lessons to be Learned, Government of Canada, page 10
^[49]CBC NEWS, 14 February 2017.
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/air-india-bomb-maker-released-from-halfway-house-now-considered-low-risk-by-national-parole-board-1.3982410

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