Year 2024 : Many Accomplishments Achieved by India in the Strategic Domain

January 26, the largest democracy of the world celebrates its 75th Republic Day in 2024 and 75th year of Independence in 2022. Since 1947 after carving out its rightful place in the world India has emerged as a prominent entity at regional as well as global levels. Current rise of India is characterised by rapid and consistent economic growth and political stability ably complimented by the timely development of its enhanced capabilities. These elements enabled India to play a decisive role at the global level by defining prominent initiatives like Solar Alliance, the Counter-terror convention, hosting Interpol General Assembly, No Money for Terror (NMFT) conference, permanent secretariat No Money for Terror, maritime order at the strategic geography of Indo-Pacific reflects its grown capabilities (Interpol, 2022) (Government of India M. , 2022) (Government of India P. , 2022). While developing its capabilities, India has embraced the growth characterised by strong focus on self-reliance and always maintained, ensured its strategic autonomy that defines its overall domestic, regional, and global outreach of India.

This has reflections at domestic, regional and global level transforming itself as the bright spot on the global horizon. India’s transformative journey from ‘Fragile Five’ economies to the top 5 economies of the world in short span of a decade is a saga of evolution of capabilities. In terms of economic development, the same Morgan Stanley which once had classified India as ‘Fragile Five’ has commended India’s development and transformative reforms that made it a leading economy and bright spot for international investment (Desai, 2023).

While galloping its development Indian research and development capabilities have achived a significant milestone in 2024. In a span of nearly a decade, India has made tremendous strides in the Global Innovation Index (GII) rankings, rising from 81st position in 2015 to 39th in 2024 amongst 133 global economies of the world. It strongly endorses India’s commitment to fostering a robust innovation ecosystem that is underpinned by strong policies, investment in research and development creating conducive environment for startups and enterpreneurship (Government of India M. , 2024). The classic example of this transformation in financial sector is Unified Payment Interface (UPI) which reached to a record high with 16.58 billion transactions worth approximately $279.4 billion USD (₹ 23.5 trillion) for the month of October 2024 (India Brand Equity Foundation, 2024). In the sunrise sector emphasised with research and innovation, space and defence sectors lead the way in this regard. Aptly reflected in the fact that the defence production has surged to a record high of ₹1,27,265 crore, representing an impressive increase of approximately 174% from ₹46,429 crore in 2014-15. India's defence exports have reached an all-time high, surging from ₹686 crore in FY 2013-14 to ₹21,083 crore in FY 2023-24, reflecting a remarkable increase of over 30 times in export value over the past decade (Government of India M. , 2024).

This makes India a preferred global destination for strategic alliance for all prominent players of the world. India too has clearly underscored its intent of playing a decisive role in the region through various policy initiatives like Digital India, World Solar Alliance, G20 Summit, Establishing headquarter like No finance for Terror in New Delhi, Interpol General Assembly 2019 etc. Along with policy initiatives like Act East, Make in India were timely adopted and executed transforming India into a critical stake holder of the global governance (Interpol, 2022) (Government of India M. , 2022) (Government of India P. , 2022).

The year 2024 remained an engaging year for the largest democracy of the World; India began the year 2024 with celebrations of 75th republic day. The past decade has witnessed the emergence of India at the global level. This emergence of India to the global strategic sphere is the reflection of consistent policies and transformative reforms characterised by political stability for the period of decade remained a defining feature of the 2024 world affairs. In this regard the re-election of Prime Minister Modi for the third consecutive term has not only resulted in political stability but further facilitated strong development-oriented reforms, policies that have transformed the economic, military and diplomatic sphere of influence, strengthening it in various areas of governance.

The rise of India has firm policy outlook at its neighbourhood first and the extended neighbourhood of Indo-Pacific. Its sphere of influence has further extended westward, engaging with the Gulf countries making them top trade, investment and energy partners for India. India’s ambitious India-Middle-East-Europe Corridor attracts interests from all stakeholders within this region that connects India to Europe through Arabian Peninsula and could mitigate or de-risk maritime shipping significantly.

India has equally intensified its engagements with Central Asian states in the North and the Indian Ocean Region in the South. The westwards engagements with Africa are at its peak especially along the East African coastline. In addition, India’s all-inclusive approach of quality governance can be seen in its progressive initiative of International North South Transport Corridor, which has emerged as an substantial alternative to access Eurasia and beyond. Its natural emergence in the global south is characterised by organic support it has received for its inclusive initiatives like Voice of Global South Summit, Membership of African Union as a collective entity in the G20 groupings (Government of India M. , 2024). India’s leadership role and strong advocacy towards vaccine equity was greatly admired by countries across world. India has supplied more than 301 million doses of COVID 19 vaccines till 2023 across 99 countries of the World (Government of India M. , 2023). The International Solar Alliance (ISA) proposed by India has received great support and 119 countries have signed the ISA framework and 99 countries have ratified the ISA framework Agreement till August 2024 (Government of India M. , 2024). India has provided funds of nearly $3 Billion USD across countries towards development of infrastructure and various projects as per the requirements of the host countries.

From 2008 till August 2024 India has fulfilled the aspirations of across 78 countries and have disbursed so far $951.22 billion USD in the form of grants and line of credits furthering strong development partnerships across the world (Government of India M. , 2024) (Jaishankar, 2024). This makes India a true friend for the developing world underlining the fact that democracies can really deliver and the delivery is seen through its own socio-economic benefits efficiently distributed across the spectrum of society at an impressive scale. This scale and transformative operations are aptly witnessed in global ranking of ports where 9 major ports of India are into global top 100 by the World Bank. Amongst these ports the Visakhapatnam Port and Mundra Port are into the top 30 ports of the world (Government of India M. P., 2024). One of the major aspects that decide the efficiency of the port operations is Median Turnaround Time. The median turnaround time for Indian ports have effectively improved from sluggish 28 days of 20th century to 0.9days in 2024 indicating efficient port management accentuating India’s capabilities to deliver. Today, the median turnaround time in the US (1.5days), Australia (1.7days) and Singapore (1Day) (Anklesaria Aiyar, 2024).

As a prominent maritime power India has evolved as a net security provider of the strategic geography of Indo-Pacific. This stature accentuated the grown capabilities, sustained operational experience and proactive role in the Indian Ocean Region. This truly compliments the cartographic fact of making the Indian ocean as India’s Ocean. This contextualise the evolving dynamics of maritime and naval discourse resembling to the ‘great game’ at sea (Gresh, 2020). The rising naval engagements across various external players underscores the broader recognition of the growing significance of the strategic geography of Indo-Pacific and India as a centre of gravity of global economic development and strategic fulcrum.

While strengthening its strengths in maritime domain, Indian deterrent capabilities also have evolved decisively in recent times. India has strengthened its nuclear triad bolstering its deterrence capabilities with the commissioning of its second Ship, Submersible, Ballistic, Nuclear Submarine (SSBN) INS Arighaat that establishes its strategic balance and peace which plays crucial role in the India’s security. INS Arighaat is India’s second Arihant class SSBN commissioned in 2024 and strongly characterises India’s policy quest of self-reliance (atmanirbhar) in defence sector, showcasing advanced design, manufacturing, technology and detailed research and development capabilities that persuaded complex engineered indigenous systems. The Arihant class SSBNs are conceptualised, designed, developed, manufactured and integrated by Indian scientists, industry and navy personnel (Government of India M. P., 2024). India launched its 4th SSBN Submarine at Visakhapatnam indicating India’s growing emphasis on securing its maritime interests in a volatile geopolitical strategic geography (Economic Times Online, 2024).

While widening its strategic horizon with greater interoperability skills and capabilities, two major exercises presided by India have not only showcased the military might of India but have highlighted its decisive strategic adaptability to operate in all operational circumstances. The first one is a mega biennial exercise led by Eastern Naval Command of India named Milan 2024 from February 19 – 27, 2024 at Visakhapatnam (Government of India M. P., 2024). This exercise received the largest ever participation across 6 continents, 51 countries, 35 ships, 50 aircrafts and 11 heads of maritime agencies participated. The exercise Milan 2024 has evolved both in terms of operational size and complexity of missions since it began in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1995 with participation of assets from four navies (Shankar, 2024). Milan 2024 truly reflects India’s able maritime capabilities at global level.

Complementing its maritime capabilities the Indian Air Force hosted its first multinational exercise ‘Tarang Shakti 2024’ literally meaning waves of power. The exercise spanning from August 06 – 14, 2024 had the objective to enhance interoperability and operational coordination amongst Friendly Foreign Countries (FFCs). Inclusion of Tejas in this mission manifests the critical role indigenous platforms are playing in modernising India's defence infrastructure (Government of India P. M., 2024).

Total 51 countries have deployed their strategic assets spanning over all continents of the planet. One of the major noticeable absence in these exercises is India’s strategic partner Russia and Israel have not registered their participation. The mega multinational exercise under the aegis of the Indian Air Force provided opportunity for participating countries to synchronise their Concept of Operations (CONOPS), mobilising and maintaining detachment at distant locations and hone their capabilities in different operational environments. The exercise witnessed participation of cutting edge technological advanced strategic assets like F/A – 18 Super Hornets, French Rafale, European Typhoon, F-35 engaging with IAF’s LCA Tejas, Su-30 MKI, Rafale, Mirage 2000, Jaguars along with LCH Prachand, ALH MK – IV Rudra, C-130, Netra and Phalcon AEW&C which are normally not deployed abroad for exercises (Government of Australia, 2024). It has showcased India’s advanced capabilities that ensure rapid response and adaptability to emerging threats and security challenges evolving into the strategic geography of the Indo-Pacific.

On internal security front the rapid growth of India is characterised by stable and secure internal security environment. This was possible due to proactive engagement of stakeholders of all elements of national security. This is reflected in certain prominent aspect that defined the stable and secure Indian outlook during the year 2024.

1. The exemplary success achieved by the security forces against left-wing extremists (LWE) which resulted into eliminating of 287 Naxalites and arrest of nearly 992 Naxals, out of which 14 were from the politburo (Government of India P. M., 2024). First time in last 4 decades the fatal casualties of forces and civilians has fallen below 100 truly indicates the commitment of the government to end the menace of left-wing extremism by March 31, 2026 in timebound manner (Government of India P. M., 2024). It restricted the geographical area under the influence of LWEs by 80% and is confined to some pockets within the state of Chhattisgarh (Government of India P. M., Union Home Minister Shri Amit Shah chairs a review meeting of the LWE situation in Chhattisgarh at Raipur today, 2024).
2. The year 2024 have witnessed the transformation of India’s criminal justice system that have replaced archaic 3 laws of British era from 18th century. The new reformative laws are justice-oriented in nature and came into effect across India from July 1, 2024 the new laws are;
   
   1. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 – replaced the vintage 163-year-old Indian Penal Code of 1860
   2. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023- replaced the archaic Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) of 1898
   3. Bharatiya Sakshya Bill 2023 – replaced out of time the Indian Evidence Act of 1872 (Government of India M. , 2023).

   It truly have strengthened the criminal justice system of India and in recent past have achieved its proactive muscle due to defining transformation backed by timely budgetary allocation that has achieved great success into critically important features like implementation of an ambitious Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) which was further fortified with the integration of data with other prominent aspect of criminal justice systems i.e., Prisons, Prosecutions, Forensics and Fingerprints etc. This integrated collective mechanism is called as “Interoperable Criminal Justice System (ICJS)” (Supreme Court of India, 2019). CCTNS in hand with ICJS have led Ministry of Home Affairs towards effective law enforcement and proved to be a force multiplier. ICJS takes data sharing to a higher level and ensures that only source of truth between law enforcement and judicial system is available thus improving the operational efficacy of the Criminal justice system.

   These assuring changes aptly backed by budgetary and resource allocation truly strengthened the national security governance mechanism. Enactment of these 3 new laws paired with technological advancements executed in time bound manner reflects the fact that the proactive sense prevails while outlining preventive measures justifying policy actions. It further underscores India’s sovereign commitment towards national security envisioned by vigilant national will and pulse to effectively deal with the menace of crime in an effective manner.

3. Zero tolerance against terror in all its manifestations – the year 2024 witnessed an able execution of this government’s policy of zero tolerance against terror and that truly empowered the state of Jammu and Kashmir that was severely impacted due to the menace of cross border terrorism. After the repeal of article 370 in August 2019 the state witnessed rapid growth comprehensively. As a result the state witnessed assembly election in October 2024 which has witnessed meteoric 63.88% turnout. The state truly witnessed the big boost to the infrastructure and embraced growth by welcoming inward investment across all sunrise sectors elevating the economy and development of the state (Government of India P. M., 2024).
4. Continuing its zero tolerance policy against narco terrorism the government is heading with a whole-of-the-government approach in its mission to curb the menace of drugs and its cartel. The agencies have seized nearly 10,000 kg narcotics in the year 2024 in deep seas that includes a gigantic seizure of consignment weighing 3132kg in a joint operation of NCB, the Indian Navy and Gujarat Police off Gujarat coast (Press Trust of India, 2024). In an intelligence based launched by the Indian Coast Guard seized 5500 kg of prohibited drug Methamphetamine from a Myanmar’s fishing boat on November 25, 2025 in Andaman seas (Government of India P. M., 2024). In its commitment against narcotics the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India have destroyed 1,17,284 kg of narcotics in the year 2024. This great success is result of proactive transformation of its policies by introducing transforming reforms at structural, institutional and informational reforms. The states also supported central government by establishing NCB offices in every states (Government of India P. M., 2024).

As prescribed by Barry Buzan, the intersection between politics, economics and geographic developments has a critical impact on human security is prominently affected by five major elements each of which has its unique contribution irrespective of its ordering priorities (Buzan, 1991).

1. Military – This is the interplay between the armed credentials of states and states perception of each other’s intention. Here we refer to it as a strategic aspect to avoid unnecessary confusion (Buzan, 1991).
2. Political – The organisational order of states, systematic setup of government and ideologies with their legitimate identities.
3. Economic – Availability of resources, finance and access to them and markers to sustain an acceptable level of welfare and state authority.
4. Social – The state’s sustainability and evolution of traditional language patterns, culture and religious and national identity and customs.
5. Environmental – it deals with the maintenance of the local and the planetary biosphere as it is the most vital support system upon which the entire human race depends on (Williams, 2008).

A predominant security threat from local, regional, and global levels often challenges these prominent elements.

The comprehensive growth of India with stable development in all above mentioned five elements makes India a favoured partner across the world adding strength to the multipolar world order. This has established a balance in the global world order strongly supporting freedom, openness, transparency and rule based order. Its inclusive sense of responsibility has truly made the difference in the developing world. This responsible outreach has played a pivotal role that made India a ‘First Responder’ and ‘Preferred Security Partner’ across the globe (Government of India M. P., 2024) truly insinuating the rise of India on the global horizon.

Works Cited

Interpol. (2022, October 21). INTERPOL General Assembly closes as Organization moves towards its 100 year anniversary.Retrieved September 09, 2024, from https://www.interpol.int/: [3] https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2022/INTERPOL-General-Assembly-closes-as-Organization-moves-towards-its-100-year-anniversary [4]

Government of India, M. (2022, December 12). Lok Sabha Unstarred Question no 870. Retrieved September 09, 2024, from https://www.mha.gov.in/: [5] https://www.mha.gov.in/MHA1/Par2017/pdfs/par2022-pdfs/RS-14122022/870.pdf [6]

Government of India, P. (2022, December 01). Today, India commences its G20 Presidency - Shri Narendra Modi, Prime Minister. Retrieved September 09, 2024, from https://pib.gov.in/: [7] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1880141 [8]

Saha, P., Bland, B., & Laksmana, E. A. (2020, January). Anchoring the Indo-Pacific. Retrieved September 09, 2024, from https://www.orfonline.org: [9] https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Anchoring_the_Indo-Pacific.pdf [10]

Interpol. (2022, October 21). INTERPOL General Assembly closes as Organization moves towards its 100 year anniversary.Retrieved September 10, 2024, from https://www.interpol.int/: [3] https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2022/INTERPOL-General-Assembly-closes-as-Organization-moves-towards-its-100-year-anniversary [4]

Government of India, M. (2022, December 12). Lok Sabha Unstarred Question no 870. Retrieved September 23, 2024, from https://www.mha.gov.in/: [5] https://www.mha.gov.in/MHA1/Par2017/pdfs/par2022-pdfs/RS-14122022/870.pdf [6]

Desai, R. (2023, May 29). India Equity Strategy and Economics: How India Has Transformed in Less than a Decade. Retrieved September 12, 2024, from https://www.morganstanley.com/: [11] https://static-ai.asianetnews.com/common/01h1rj9k9vhjggvtnwcbdhp42t/india-equity-strategy-and-economics30may23---ms.pdf [12]

Gresh, G. F. (2020, December 8). THE NEW GREAT GAME AT SEA. Retrieved October 20, 2024, from https://warontherocks.com: [13] https://warontherocks.com/2020/12/the-new-great-game-at-sea/ [14]

Government of India, M. (2024, August 14). The 3rd Voice of Global South Summit 2024. Retrieved September 20, 2024, from https://www.mea.gov.in/: [15] https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38161/The_3rd_Voice_of_Global_South_Summit_2024 [16]

Government of India, M. (2023, June 15). Vaccines Supply. Retrieved September 20, 2024, from https://www.mea.gov.in: [17] https://www.mea.gov.in/vaccine-supply.htm [18]

Government of India, M. (2024, August 30). MEA's Global Foot Print. Retrieved Septmber 23, 2024, from https://www.mea.gov.in: [17] https://meadashboard.gov.in [19]

Government of India, M. P. (2024, August 29). Second Arihant-Class submarine ‘INS Arighaat’ commissioned into Indian Navy. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://pib.gov.in: [20] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2049870&reg=3&lang=1 [21]

Economic Times Online. (2024, October 24). India’s launches its latest nuclear submarine with 75% indigenous tech: Here's what the new S4 means for regional security Read more at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-launches-its-latest-nuclear-submarine-with-75-indigenous-tec [22]. Retrieved October 25, 2024, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com: [23] https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-launches-its-latest-nuclear-submarine-with-75-indigenous-tech-heres-what-the-new-s4-means-for-regional-security/articleshow/114547188.cms?from=mdr [24]

Government of India, M. P. (2024, February 21). Global community must collectively aspire for peace in this age of democratic & rules-based world order: Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh at Exercise MILAN in Visakhapatnam.Retrieved September 20, 2024, from https://pib.gov.in/: [7] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2007789 [25]

Shankar, D. (2024, February 15). MILAN 2024: India To Host Largest Naval Exercise with Global Focus on Maritime Security. (N. Gokhale, Ed.) Retrieved September 23, 2024, from https://bharatshakti.in: [26] https://bharatshakti.in/milan-2024-india-hosts-largest-naval-exercise-with-global-focus-on-maritime-security/ [27]

Government of India, P. M. (2024, September 09). Historic Flight by Vice Chiefs of Army, Navy, and Air Force Marks Milestone in Indigenous Defence Capabilities. Retrieved September 09, 2024, from https://pib.gov.in/: [7] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx [28]?
PRID=2053222#:~:text=The%20flight%20took%20place%20over,Friendly%20Foreign%20Countries%20(FFCs).

Government of Australia, D. G. (2024, September 03). Australia's first deployment of combat aircraft to India. Retrieved September 10, 2024, from https://www.defence.gov.au: [29] https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/releases/2024-09-03/australias-first-deployment-combat-aircraft-india [30]

Government of India, M. (2024, August 31). MEA's Global foot print. Retrieved September 20, 2024, from https://www.mea.gov.in: [17] https://meadashboard.gov.in [19]

Jaishankar, D. (2024, May 24). Remarks by EAM, Dr. S. Jaishankar at the Nikkei Asia 2024 Future of Asia Forum. Retrieved September 25, 2024, from https://www.mea.gov.in: [17] https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/37824/Remarks_by_EAM_Dr_S_Jaishankar_at_the_Nikkei_Asia_2024_Future_of_Asia_Forum [31]

Government of India, M. P. (2024, June 19). 9 Major Ports of India makes it to Global Top 100 by World Bank, a First for the country. Retrieved September 20, 2024, from https://pib.gov.in/: [7] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2026682#:~:text=These%20metrics%20highlight%20the%20port's,and%20Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20(96).

Anklesaria Aiyar, S. S. (2024, September 24). Getting into a porting spirit: India’s port revolution has been remarkable, but it’s well behind China Read more at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/getting-into-a-porting-spirit-indias-port-revolution-has-been-remarkable-but-i [32]. The Economic Times, 2024(September), p. 24.

Government of India, M. P. (2024, March 23). INDIAN NAVY'S ONGOING MARITIME SECURITY OPERATIONS (‘OP SANKALP’) 14 DEC 23 TO 23 MAR 24. Retrieved September 23, 2024, from https://pib.gov.in/: [7] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2016201# [33]

Buzan, B. (1991). People, States & Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era (illustrated, reprint ed.). Colchester, United Kingdom: ECPR Press. Retrieved February 18, 2022

Williams, P. D. (2008). security Studies an Introduction.New York, United States of America: Routledge. Retrieved February 12, 2022

Government of India, M. (2024, September 30). India’s Impressive Leap in the Global Innovation Index 2024: A Testament to the Nation’s Growing Innovation
Ecosystem. Retrieved October 23, 2024, from Press Information Bureau: https://pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=153223&ModuleId=3&reg=3&lang=1 [34]

Government of India, M. (2024, October 29). Marching Towards Atmanirbharta: India's Defence Revolution. Retrieved November 3, 2024, from Press Information Bureau, Government of India: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2069090 [35]

India Brand Equity Foundation. (2024, November 4). UPI sets a new record in October with 16.58 bn transactions worth US$ 279.4 billion (Rs. 23.5 trillion). Retrieved November 4, 2024, from https://www.ibef.org: [36] https://www.ibef.org/news/upi-sets-a-new-record-in-october-with-16-58-bn-transactions-worth-us-279-4-billion-rs-23-5-trillion#:~ [37]

Government of India, P. M. (2024, January 21). Union Home Minister Shri Amit Shah chairs a review meeting of the LWE situation in Chhattisgarh at Raipur today. Retrieved January 1, 2025, from https://pib.gov.in/: [7] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1998439 [38]

Government of India, P. M. (2024, December 16). Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah chairs a review meeting in Raipur to assess the situation of Left Wing Extremism (LWE) in Chhattisgarh. Retrieved December 30, 2024, from https://pib.gov.in/: [7] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2085058 [39]

Government of India, P. M. (2024, December 30). Ministry of Home Affairs:Year End Review 2024. Retrieved January 01, 2025, from https://pib.gov.in: [20] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088945 [40]

Government of India, M. (2023, December 21). Bills List - Bill No 6,7,8. Retrieved January 27, 2024, from https://mpa.gov.in/: [41] https://mpa.gov.in/bills-list [42]

Supreme Court of India. (2019, July 30). History - ICJS. Retrieved September 01, 2021, from https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/: [43] https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/sites/default/files/ICJS-About-Us_0.pdf [44]

Government of India, P. M. (2024, December 19). Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah chairs a High-Level Security review meeting on Jammu and Kashmir in New Delhi, today. Retrieved January 01, 2025, from https://pib.gov.in: [20] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2086245 [45]

Press Trust of India. (2024, February 28). India's highest-ever drug bust: 3,300 kg narcotics seized off Gujarat coast. Business Standard.

Government of India, P. M. (2024, November 25). Biggest-ever drug haul by ICG: A Myanmarese fishing boat with 5,500 kgs of prohibited drugs apprehended in Andaman seas. Retrieved December 30, 2024, from https://pib.gov.in: [20] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2077225 [46]

(The paper is the author’s individual scholastic articulation. The author certifies that the article/paper is original in content, unpublished and it has not been submitted for publication/web upload elsewhere, and that the facts and figures quoted are duly referenced, as needed, and are believed to be correct). (The paper does not necessarily represent the organisational stance... More >>