This little area of a mere 1700 square miles nestled in the South Caucasus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and forming the south eastern stretch of the Lesser Caucasus mountain range has seen war, destruction and bloodshed far disproportionate to its size.[1] The so called Nagorno-Karabakh enclave or the Republic of Artsakh, has changed ownership several times as if it were a see-saw between the vanquished and the victorious.[2]
This work digs only as far as the recent history of this war-cursed land and there from takes the reader all the way up to the current scenario, ending with some thoughts on the poser– where the Nagorno-Karabakh seesaw lies?
The root of all the ills that have plagued this land from ancient times is the fact that the population of Nagorno-Karabakh is majority Armenian, but for a Century or more, following the Stalin’s dictate, it had been established as an enclave in Azerbaijan. Both countries claim it as their territory and have fought several wars over the same. Recent timeline relevant to this work is briefly stated:-[3]
Only time knew that Lachin Corridor would become the trigger for the next duel, as the perpetual adversaries did all to make it happen. There were Azeri allegations of Armenia, sending arms and explosives to the Nagorno which led to the blocking of the corridor by the latter. It initially started with, Azerbaijan increasing the number of check posts on the Corridor and latter blocking all Armenian movement on the same.
Probably in a bid to do a 2016, and put an end to the Armenian designs of arming the enclave, Azerbaijan launched an offensive 27 Sept 2020. This war brought a major victory to Azerbaijan.
This war will go down in the history as a conflict where for the first time, the drone power weighed in heavily in turning the tide in favour of Azerbaijan.
In essence, Azerbaijan employed two types of drones in predominant numbers. These were – Turkish Bayraktar TB2 and the Israeli Horop drone. It is from this war onwards that the drone power emerged as a prominent platform for the prosecution of the air operations. A word about these machines that in a way ushered a new phase of drone warfare is briefly stated:-
Here are some points related to drone strikes:-[8]
It would be appropriate to say that while the Armenian air defence arsenal had a formidable punch, it lacked the tailor-made weaponry required to deal with small drones, The result was that the little monsters scored disproportionate share if their total battle losses which as per one open source report amounted to some 100 tanks, 100 artillery pieces, approximately 60 air defence systems including 6x S-300 PM systems and 11 command and control (BMC2) stations.
Azerbaijan riding on its massive victory retained the control of territories captured in the war (5 cities, 4 towns and 286 villages). All the erstwhile Armenian occupied territories of the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave were ceded back to the Azerbaijan. Under the ceasefire brokered by Russia, the Lachin corridor, as well as, the Dadivank Monastry ( Armenian religious and cultural heritage – a claim denied by Azerbaijan hence disputed land) was to be actively patrolled by Russian Peacekeepers who were instrumental in getting the ceasefire agreement signed between the two warring nations on 10 Nov 2020.
For the next two years post the bloody war, Azerbaijan continued to show an assertive and a dominating behaviour as a low intensity conflict kept on simmering sporadically between the two arch rivals.
Azeris on their part not only continued to occupy nearly 215 square kilometre of the territories wrested from Armenia in the war, they did not withdraw its troops from the internationally recognised Armenian territories despite calls from the world bodies to do so ( EU, US, France).
The period thereafter till Sept 2022, saw multiple minor clashes, ceasefire violations. In Aug 2021, Azeri forces enforced a blockade of Southern Armenia by closing the main North-South Highway forcing Armenia to develop alternate routes.
Armenia is a part of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), an inter-government military alliance consisting of six countries namely, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Russia. Much like the NATO an aggression against any one member State of CSTO is perceived as an aggression against all leading to reciprocal assistance. Under this treaty, Armenia approached CSTO members as a whole and Russia independently to intervene, however the reciprocal assistance it sought was not provided.
In the series of on-going clashes, the biggest of them happened on 12 Sept 2022, when Azerbaijan launched a major attack by killing some 200+ Armenians and displacing some 7600 from Armenian provinces. The reason quoted by Azeris was the large scale subversive attacks and many acts of sabotage by the Armenian forces. A ceasefire was brokered by Russia on 13 Sept 2022.
Exactly a year later on 19 and 20th Sept 2023 Azerbaijan again launched a major offensive in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. The crisis between the two arch rivals was brewing up ever since the blockade of the Lachin corridor which exploded in a large scale offensive.
Though the ceasefire was brokered by the Russia, it resulted in major concessions from Armenia which included the disbandment of the Artsakh Defence Army and scheduled dissolution of the Republic of Artsakh on 01 Jan 2024 thus leading the way to the final assimilation of this disputed land into Azerbaijan.
There were large scale protests in Armenia demanding the resignation of the PM. Also by this time almost the entire ethnic population of Armenians in Artsakh numbering some 140,000 had nearly fled to Armenia.
As the erstwhile Republic of Artsakh heads for its dissolution on 01 Jan 2024 with its Defence Army disbanded and with ethnic Armenians now nearly forced out of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh enclave into mainland Armenia, (which itself is rising in protests), what does the future hold for this war-cursed land? Here is the authors take on the same:-
Indian stakes in the region are also a tight rope – a la India-Pakistan in proxy representation. Some points are stated:-
The uneasy calm that now prevails in this war-torn region has the following signatures:-
In this entire imbroglio, while an uneasy peace has descended over the war –cursed land – the next flash in the works cannot be ruled out.
There lies the Nagorno-Karabakh seesaw, at best in an unstable equilibrium.
[1]“ Nagorno Karabakh” at www.en.m.wikipedia.org [4]. Accessed on 03 Oct 2023.
[2]“The Republic of Artsakh” at www,en.m.wikipedia.org. Accessed on 03 Oct 2023.
[3]Nagorno- Karabakh”, at www.britannica.com [5]. Accessed on 03 Oct 2023
[4]“Nagorno-Karabakh profile,” at www.bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org [6]. Accessed on 04 Oct 2023.
[5]2016 Nagorno Karabakh conflict,” at www.en.m.wikipedia.org [4]. Accessed on 09 Oct 2023.
[6]Nagorno-Karabakh conflict : No endgame.” At www.dailypioneer.com [7]. Accessed on 09 Oct 2023.
[7]“BayractarTB2,” at wwww.baykartech.com. accessed on 11 Oct 2023.
[8]Why dones turned the tide for Azerbaijan?,” at www.vifindia.org [8]. Accessed on 11 Oct 2023.
[9]ibid
[10]“Over 7000 people evacuated from 16 settlements in Karabakh,” at www.alzazeera-com.cdn.ampproject.org [9]. Accessed on 20 Oct 2023
[11]The European Union and Armenia, “ at www.eeas.europa.eu [10]. Accessed on 23 Oct 2023
[12]Nagorno-Karabakh : MEPsdemand review of EU relations with Azerbaijan,” at www..europarl.eu [11]. Accessed on 23 Oct 2023.
[13]“Hosting Armenia and Azerbaijan, Iran says South Caucasus war is over,” at www.iranintl.com [12]. Accessed on 25 Oct 2023
[14]Azerbaijan-Iran relations. T www.en.m.wikipedia.org [4]. accessed on 25 Oct 2023
[15]“Iran plays peacemakers it hosts Armenian and Azerbaijan FMs,” at www.ctimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org [13]. Accessed on 29 Oct 2023
[16]“The geopolitical implications of India’s arms sale to Armenia, “atwww.armenianweekly.com. Accessed on 29 Oct 2023
(The paper is the author’s individual scholastic articulation. The author certifies that the article/paper is original in content, unpublished and it has not been submitted for publication/web upload elsewhere, and that the facts and figures quoted are duly referenced, as needed, and are believed to be correct). (The paper does not necessarily represent the organisational stance... More >>
Links:
[1] https://www.vifindia.org/article/2023/november/06/the-nagorno-karabakh-seesaw–an-unstable-equilibrium
[2] https://www.vifindia.org/article/2023/november/06/the-nagorno-karabakh-seesaw%E2%80%93an-unstable-equilibrium
[3] https://www.vifindia.org/author/lt-gen-dr-v-k-saxena
[4] http://www.en.m.wikipedia.org
[5] http://www.britannica.com
[6] http://www.bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org
[7] http://www.dailypioneer.com
[8] http://www.vifindia.org
[9] http://www.alzazeera-com.cdn.ampproject.org
[10] http://www.eeas.europa.eu
[11] http://www..europarl.eu
[12] http://www.iranintl.com
[13] http://www.ctimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org
[14] https://www.newindian.in/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-and-the-caucasian-chessboard/
[15] http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?title=The Nagorno-Karabakh Seesaw – an Unstable Equilibrium&desc=&images=https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/files/WhatsApp-Image-2023-09-24-at-15.26.36.jpg&u=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2023/november/06/the-nagorno-karabakh-seesaw–an-unstable-equilibrium
[16] http://twitter.com/share?text=The Nagorno-Karabakh Seesaw – an Unstable Equilibrium&url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2023/november/06/the-nagorno-karabakh-seesaw–an-unstable-equilibrium&via=Azure Power
[17] whatsapp://send?text=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2023/november/06/the-nagorno-karabakh-seesaw–an-unstable-equilibrium
[18] https://telegram.me/share/url?text=The Nagorno-Karabakh Seesaw – an Unstable Equilibrium&url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2023/november/06/the-nagorno-karabakh-seesaw–an-unstable-equilibrium